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usually caused by traction on the arm

meninges can tear forming pseudomeningocele

presence of a pseudomeningocele does not always mean

nerve root avulsion and vice versa

presence of a pseudomeningocele implies a poor prognosis for functional recovery without treatment

root avulsion is a preganglionic lesion and cannot be

repaired directly

- requires neurotization techniques or musculotendinous transpositions

post ganglionic lesions can be restored by local repairInjury to upper roots (the most common injury)

is known as Erb's palsy and lower root injury is

known as Klumpke's paralysis

If the lower roots are injured, the injury is generally

so severe that all the roots of the plexus are involved